A hydrospheric ecosystem is a “system in the water where living and non-living elements or biotic and abiotic factors exchange materials and transfer of energy also takes place within water”.
Gain insights into cellular respiration, including aerobic and anaerobic processes, and understand how organisms utilize oxygen and other compounds to produce energy.
The dark reactions occur in the stroma of chloroplast. These reactions do not need light directly and can happen in the existence or absence of light provided the assimilatory power in the form of ATP and NADPH, produced during light reactions is available.
Discover the fascinating world of food chains and food webs, and learn how energy flows through ecosystems and sustains life.
RNA is a linear, unbranched and single-stranded polymer of ribonucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. Consist of four bases– adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). RNA is of three types. mRNA is manufactured in the nucleus as heterogenous RNA (hnRNA), which is processed into functional mRNA.
In eukaryotes, mRNAs are “capped” by a 7- methyl-guanosine triphosphate. Transfer RNA molecules differ in length from 74 to 95 nucleotides. The RNA of the ribosomes is called the rRNA. Having two subunits, each subunit is made up of several strands of rRNA and many protein molecules.
In this article, we will discuss the blood vessels which carry blood towards and away from the heart to all parts of the body.
All arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood. All veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood.
DNA functions as the genetic material for cells both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the nucleus separated from cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane.
Nucleic acids are vital biopolymers present in all life forms. Chemically, they are polymers of nucleotides, linked by a phosphodiester bond. These are DNA and RNA. DNA is present in nuclei and small amounts in mitochondria and chlorophyll. 90% of the RNA is present in the cell cytoplasm and 10% in the nucleolus.
Two types of nitrogenous bases specifically purines and pyrimidines exist in RNA and DNA. DNA and RNA are distinguished on the basis of the pentose sugar present. DNA consists of D-2-deoxyribose and RNA include D-ribose. Chemically, manufactured analogues of purines and pyrimidines, their nucleosides and their nucleotides have restorative applications in medicine.
The nucleoside cytarabine is used in the chemotherapy of cancer and viral infections.
The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body by means of the circulatory system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.